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  1. #1

    Nov 2007
    3,072



















    . . .
    .
    LASER :

    Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
    Light Amplification Stimulated Emission Radiation. 1917 stimulated emission 1960 T.H. Maiman Ruby laser.


    100 100 ߡ . . .



    ɡ ground state excited state. .



    .
    ( ) .

    Absorbing Energy
    .




    . .

    .
    ().
    . () .
    ( ) .


    .
    light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation .

    . pumping . . population inversion .
    .
    .
    ( ) . .



    ( )

    :
    monochromatic . .
    coherent .
    directional .
    stimulated emission .



    . ѡ light amplification. 100% .
    ruby laser .




    ɡ . He-Ne . :
    solid-state laser ruby neodymium:yttrium-aluminum TAG .
    Gas laser .
    Excimer laser .
    Dye laser rhodamine 6G .
    Semiconductorlaser .




    694nm .



    (nm)
    Argon fluoride (UV)
    193
    Krypton fluoride (UV)
    248
    Xenon chloride (UV)
    308
    Nitrogen (UV)
    337
    Argon (blue)
    488
    Argon (green)
    514
    Helium neon (green)
    543
    Helium neon (red)
    633
    Rhodamine 6G dye (tunable)
    570-650
    Ruby (CrAlO3) (red)
    694
    Nd:Yag (NIR)
    1064
    Carbon dioxide (FIR)
    10600



    . .


    Class I .
    Class IA 4mW.
    Class II 1mW.
    Class IIIA 1-5mW . .
    Class IIIB .
    Class IV 500mW 10 J/cm2









    , , char7nas, char7nas 9raya talkhis dourous, charhnas, , , , , , , , incha, intaje kitabi, mawdou3, , ta7lil, tahdhirnas, tal5is, sadi9 al-jami3

  2. #2

    Dec 2009
    26


    ... .




  3. #3

    Post














    Tunisia Cafe Jobs Emploi

  4. #4

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    Tunisia Cafe Jobs Emploi

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